Abstract: By comparing the biological characteristics of the pests and molds that damage the collections, the paper identifies the key problems in the control of insects and molds, and lays a theoretical foundation for pest and mold control. It also provides guidelines for the correct formulation of insecticidal control methods and selection of sterilization techniques in actual work. Through the study of existing scientific research papers, it pointed out that the key to preventing pests is to establish an insect-free environment, and the key to preventing molds is to control the relative humidity of the environment (especially the microenvironment). It also warns that the existing effective pest control methods do not really kill molds, and advocates the key to handling moldy collections is to inactivate mold and remove the inactivated mold.

Key words: Insects, Molds, Biological characteristics, Key point of control, Comparative study