Abstract: Targeted poverty alleviation is the focus of poverty alleviation, while cultural poverty alleviation is a significant component of targeted poverty alleviation. Although the focus of university libraries is on higher education, they also undertake the basic responsibilities of social services. Therefore, in the process of targeted poverty alleviation, it is necessary for university libraries not only to actively participate, but also to accurately identify and highlight the talent and literature advantages of universities. University library’s role in poverty alleviation should be in line with the working philosophy of “the dual support of education and ambition”. On the basis of full investigation and practices, this paper puts forward a poverty alleviation system specific to university library, and makes further exploration based on the practices of Chongqing University Library in the frontline of poverty alleviation.