Ups and Downs of American Public Libraries in the 21st Century: A Historical Overview

Abstract

Abstract:

For a long time, library services, freedom of access to information and confidentiality of library records constituted the basic value of public libraries. However, the environment public libraries face has changed enormously in the 21st century and libraries have entered the new era of development. This paper presents a historical overview of fluctuation and development of library services, the freedom of access to information and the confidentiality of library records in the United States since the 19th century.

Key words: American public library, American Library Association, Library history, Library service

Yoshitaka,Kawasaki. Ups and Downs of American Public Libraries in the 21st Century: A Historical Overview[J]. LIBRARY JOURNAL.

References

[ 1 ] A Priestner and T Elizabeth. Personalising Library Services in Higher Education: The Boutique Approach, Burlington, VT, Ashgate, 2012.

[ 2 ] アメリカ図書館協会知的自由部『図書館の原則(第8版)』川崎ほか訳, 日本図書館協会, 2010;川崎「総論」『図書館ハンドブック(6版補訂版)』図書館ハンドブック編集委員会, 日本図書館協会, 2010: 2-26.

[3 ] 关于波士顿公共图书馆1852年理事会报告的日译请参照以下文章。ジェシー·シェラ『パブリック·ライブラリーの成立』川崎訳, 日本図書館協会, 1988: 293-310.

[ 4 ] ウェイン·ウィーガンド『司書職の出現と政治』川崎ほか訳, 京都大学図書館情報学研究会, 2007; ウィーガンド『手に負えない改革者』川崎ほか訳, 京都大学図書館情報学研究会, 2004.

[ 5 ] ジーン·プリアー『図書館倫理』川崎ほか訳,京都図書館情報学研究会, 2011.

[ 6 ] 如需要进一步理解本文, 请参考此书。川崎編著『図書館トリニティの時代から揺らぎ·展開の時代へ』京都図書館情報学研究会, 2015.

[ 7 ] G. Bobinski, Carnegie Libraries, Chicago, American Library Association, 1969: 3.

[ 8 ] ibid. : 207-242.[ 9 ] H. Adams, “Public Libraries and Popular Education, ” Home Education Bulletin, no. 31,1900: 63-64.

[10] L. Shores, “Public Library U. S. A. , ” R. Vollans,L i b r a r i e s f o r t h e P e o p l e , L o n d o n , L i b r a r yAssociation: 239-240.

[11] 请参考以下书籍。森耕一『公立図書館の歴史と現在』日本図書館協会, 1986: 121-155.

[12] Institute of Museum and Library Service, PublicLibraries Survey Fiscal Year 2009, October 2011,http://www. imls. gov/statistics.

[13] 请参考以下书籍。ウォルター·ホワイトヒル『ボストン市立図書館100年史』川崎訳, 日本図書館協会, 1999; 川崎『ボストン市立図書館は、いかにして生まれたか』京都大学図書館情報学研究会, 1999; 川崎『ボストン市立図書館とJ. ウィンザーの時代』京都図書館情報学研究会発行, 2012.

[14] 日译请参考此文。『ボストン市立図書館は、いかにして生まれたか』ibid. : 92-102.

[15] Boston Public Library, Bulletin, no. 36, January1876, 表紙.

[16] 请参考以下书籍。川崎『アメリカ公立図書館·人種隔離·アメリカ図書館協会』京都大学図書館情報学研究会, 2006.

[17] 请参考以下书籍。A. McPheeters, Library Service in Black and White, Metuchen, NJ, Scarecrow, 1988.

[18] 『図書館の原則(第8版)』op. cit. : 67.

[19] 本文参考了7月1 1日的新闻报道。“C o u n t y Moves to Allow Workers to Deny Services, ” The Virginian-Pilot; “Pr. William Passes Resolution Targeting Illegal Immigration, ” The Washington Post;“Prince William to Check Immigration Status,” The Washington Times.

[20] “Supervisors Approve Immigrant Resolution, ”Manassa Journal Messenger, July 11, 2007.

[21] “Resolution in Support of Immigrant Rights, ”adopted by the Council of the American LibraryAssociation, January 24, 2007.

[22] 判决原文如下。John Doe v. City of Albuquerque,Case 1: 08-cv-01041-MCA-LFG Document 62,Filed 03/31/2010.

[23] 请参考注释3。

[24] ウィンザー「1868年図書館長報告」『ボストン市立図書館とJ. ウィンザーの時代』op. cit. :150.

[25] グリーノウ「イースト·ボストン分館献納式での演説」in ibid. : 190.

[26] ウィンザー「1868年図書館長報告」in ibid. :124.

[27] 关于阶级, 请参考此文。C. Johanningsmeier,Welcome Guests or Representatives of the “Mal-Odorous Class”, Libraries and Culture, vol. 39(3),2004: 260-292.

[28] “Letter from William Todd(June 16, 1893), ”Forty-second Annual Report of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library, 1893: 6-7.

[29] International Research Associates, Access to Public Libraries, Chicago, American Library Association,1963; 『公立図書館へのアクセス』については以下を参照。『アメリカ公立図書館·人種隔離·アメリカ図書館協会』op. cit. : 287-314.

[30] Access to Public Libraries, ibid. : 57.

[31] 各事件的详情如下。C o n c e r n e d Wo m e n f o rAmerica v. Lafayette County and Oxford PublicLibrary, 883 F. 2d 32(1989); Richard R. Kreimerv. Bureau of Police for the Town of Morristown, 958F. 2d 1242(1992);Mainstream Loudoun v. Board of Trustees of the Loudoun County Library, 2 F. Supp.2d 783(1998); American Library Association v.United States, 201 F. Supp. 2d 401(2002). 以下书籍亦供参考。川崎『図書館裁判を考える』京都大学図書館情報学研究会, 2002; 川崎·高鍬裕樹『図書館利用者と知的自由』京都図書館情報学研究会, 2011.

[32] 『図書館の原則(第8版)』op. cit. : 281.

[33] 请参考以下书籍。山本順一「アメリカ法にみるプライヴァシーの保護と図書館の自由」塩見昇·川崎編著『知る自由の保障と図書館』京都大学図書館情報学研究会, 2006: 325-387.

[34] 请参考以下书籍。川崎編著『秘密性とプライヴァシー』京都図書館情報学研究会, 2012:59-96.

[35] OCLC, Sharing, Privacy and Trust in Our NetworkedWorld, Dublin, OH, OCLC, 2007: 6-10.

[36] ibid. : 6-13.

[37] W. Whitehill, Boston Public Library, HarvardUniversity Press, 1956; 『ボストン市立図書館100年史』op. cit.

[38] 联邦地区法院判决如下。A m e r i c a n L i b r a r yAssociation v. United States, 201 F. Supp. 2d401(2002). 以下书籍亦供参考。『図書館裁判を考える』op. cit. : 163-199.

[39] 美国最高法院判决如下。U n i t e d S t a t e s v .

[1]	Zhu Guodong (Yunnan Minzu University Library). The Practice and Insights of Data Services in University Libraries: Drawing on International Experiences and Constructing Localized Pathways [J]. Libraly Journal, 2025, 44(410): 74-82.
[2]	Ye Dan1, Wang Jingwen2, Lang Jiebin3 (1 Hangzhou Public Library, 2 North China University of Technology Library, 3 China Metrology University Library). Exploration and Future Reflection on the Practice of “Reading Therapy” Services: Summary of the 2024 Academic Symposium on “Reading and Mental Health” [J]. Libraly Journal, 2025, 44(408): 48-54.
[3]	Ke Ping (Department of Information Resource Management, Business School of Nankai University). Planning for High-Quality Development: Strategic Transformation of Public Libraries During the 15th Five-Year Plan Period [J]. Libraly Journal, 2025, 44(408): 4-11.
[4]	Zhou Gang, Zhu Wenjing, Zhang Lei (Shanghai Library). Open, Collaborative, and Intelligent: The Future of Libraries: A Summary of the 2024 World Open Library Foundation Conference [J]. Libraly Journal, 2024, 43(404): 77-88.
[5]	Yu Qun (China Soong Ching Ling Foundation) Kuai Dashen (Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences) Zhou Deming (Shanghai Library). Experts’ Viewpoints on “Twenty Years of Public Culture:Review and Prospect” [J]. Libraly Journal, 2024, 43(404): 4-11.
[6]	Xue Fei, Ye Ying ( Zhejiang University Library, National Institute of Intelligent Evaluation andGovernance, Fudan University, International Joint Informatics Laboratory, Nanjing University). An Essay on the Innovation of Librarianship under the Waveof Generative AI [J]. Libraly Journal, 2024, 43(403): 79-83.
[7]	Lu Zudan, Liu Yulin, Zhong Qingzhang (Hohai University Library). Bi-directional Flow Dataset Between the Open-Stack and Closed-Stack Books at Hohai University Library in 2022 [J]. Libraly Journal, 2024, 43(396): 118-121.
[8]	Gao Chunling, Zhang Xizhuo, Shen Wenjun, Qu Youyang ( School of Man¬agement, Liaoning Normal University, Library of Liaoning Vocational College of Medicine). The Comparative Analysis of IMLS’s Strategic Plan 2018– 2022 and Strategic Plan 2022–2026 and Thinking on the Development of Libraries in China [J]. Libraly Journal, 2024, 43(394): 12-21.
[9]	Lin Zhenyue (School of Humanities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University). The Practice and Significance of Compilation for the Rare Book Catalog in the Jingshi Library [J]. Libraly Journal, 2024, 43(393): 129-140.
[10]	Yu Haiyan, Zhou Jian, Zhang Xinyu ( School of Economics and Management, East ChinaNormal University, Library of East China Normal University). Heritage, Innovation and Development: A Review ofthe Academic Symposium Commemorating the 130th Anniversary of the Birth of Hong Fanwu [J]. Libraly Journal, 2024, 43(393): 4-9.
[11]	Xie Huan (School of Information Management, Nanjing University). A Study on Two Letters of Zhao Wanli [J]. Libraly Journal, 2023, 42(392): 79-84.
[12]	Quan Xiaoting, Shu Man(School of Economics and Management, South China Normal University). Analysis and Enlightenment of Characteristic Services forTeenagers in American Public Libraries: Taking the NationalMedal for Museum and Library Services as an Example [J]. Libraly Journal, 2023, 42(391): 62-70.
[13]	Jia Nan, Gong Jiaoteng, Hong Fanglin (School of Public Administration, Xiangtan University). Research on Integrated Services for Dyslexia in Public Libraries: Based on the Interpretation of the Specifications of Public Library Service for Persons with Dyslexia [J]. Libraly Journal, 2023, 42(389): 55-67.
[14]	Zhou Gang (Shanghai Library). A New Approach to Intelligent Library: The Exploration and Reflection of Yunhan Intelligent Library Service Platform of Shanghai Library [J]. Libraly Journal, 2023, 42(388): 65-73.
[15]	Fang Hong (Hangzhou Public Library) Liu Wei (Zhejiang Library). Reflection and Discussion on Library Service Philosophy [J]. Libraly Journal, 2023, 42(388): 21-25.