Abstract: Taking the Bibliotheca Zi-Ka-Wei of the Shanghai Library as the research subject, this paper investigates the transformation practices of a traditional special collections department into a modern research library. Employing content analysis, case study, and historical textual research, the study traces the historical evolution and developmental trajectory of the Bibliotheca Zi-Ka-Wei, examines its collection resources, public service models, and scholarly achievements, while incorporates an analysis of comparable research libraries abroad. The paper proposes that the transformation of the Bibliotheca Zi-Ka-Wei into a modern research library should be advanced through four key dimensions: collection development, physical space reengineering, service model innovation, and the enhancement of talent cultivation and research capabilities.