关键词: 自然史, 分类学, 知识型（认识型）, 福柯, 章学诚

Abstract: This author compares the taxological ideas of Michel Foucault in the West and Zhang Xuecheng in the East, by studying individual texts of them, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences and Wenshi Tongyi (General Principle of Literature and History). is the author points out that the studies of Natural Histories after the Renaissance, by setting up structures, depicting characters of things and using scientific and semantic language, realized new episteme systemization and created new order for Natural History in the past time, thus introducing the so-called Scientific Revolution in the West. Zhang Xuecheng’s knowledge classification principle of “Taking classification of books as a right way of organizing documents” founded China’s knowledge organization thoughts in history, his improvement the “Four Part Classification of Chinese Historical Documents” theories and practice, and his promotion of scientific labeling all have made him a pioneer of Chinese modern librarian of taxology. He was probably only one step away from a new episteme.

Key words: Natural History, Taxology, Episteme (L’épistémè), Michel Foucault, Zhang Xuecheng